Boston, Massachusetts

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 'Boston ' is the capital of the Commonwealth (United States) of Massachusetts in the United States. It is the unofficial capital of and largest city in New England. Founded in 1630, Boston is one of the oldest and most culturally significant cities in the United States. Its economy is based on higher education, research, health care, finance, and technology, principally biotechnology. Boston has many nicknames.  The City on a Hill  came from original Massachusetts Bay Colony's governor John Winthrop's goal to create the biblical "City on a Hill." It also refers to the original three hills of Boston.  Beantown  refers to early Bostonian tradition of making baked beans with imported molasses.  The Hub  is a shortened form of a phrase recorded by writer Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.,  The Hub of the Solar System. ; p. 172 "A jaunty-looking person... said there was one more wise man's saying that he had heard; it was about our place—but he didn't know who said it.... 'Boston State-House is the Hub of the Solar System. You couldn't pry that out of a Boston man if you had the tire of all creation straightened out for a crow-bar.'" William Tudor (1779-1830), co-founder of the  North American Review , christened the city  The Athens of America  for its great cultural and intellectual influence. Boston is sometimes called the  Puritan City  because its founders were Puritans, and also called  The Cradle of Liberty  for its role in instigating the American Revolution. In the nineteenth century, it was also known as the "City of Notions."Their Nicknames (9/23/1889).  Decatur Daily Dispatch , pg. 2? (Decatur, Illinois). found at listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0307b&L=ads-l&P=2093. Citizens of Boston are called  Bostonians . The city lies at the center of Greater Boston, which also includes the cities of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Quincy, Massachusetts, and Newton, Massachusetts, the town of Brookline, Massachusetts, and many suburban communities farther from Boston. The Greater Boston area encompasses parts of the state of New Hampshire. The city also lies at the center of the Boston-Worcester-Manchester Combined Statistical Area (Combined Statistical Area), the eighth largest in the United States.

History

Boston was founded on September 17, 1630, by Puritan colonists from England, on a peninsula called  Shawmut  by its original Native Americans in the United States inhabitants. The peninsula was connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, and surrounded by the waters of Massachusetts Bay and the marshes at the mouth of the Charles River. Boston's early European settlers first called the area  Trimountaine . They later renamed the town for Boston, Lincolnshire, England, in Lincolnshire, from which several prominent Pilgrims colonists emigrated. A majority of Boston's early citizens were Puritans. Massachusetts Bay Colony's original governor, John Winthrop, gave a famous sermon entitled "a City upon a Hill," which captured the idea that Boston had a special covenant with God. (Winthrop also led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement which is regarded as a key founding document of the city.) Puritan ethics molded an extremely stable and well-structured society in Boston. For example, shortly after Boston's settlement, Puritans founded America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and America's first college, Harvard College (1636). Hard work, moral uprightness, and an emphasis on education remain part of Boston's culture. Until the 1760s, Boston was America's largest, wealthiest, and most influential city. During the early 1770s, British attempts to exert control on the thirteen colonies, primarily via taxation, prompted Bostonians to initiate the American Revolution. The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several early battles occurred in or near the city, including the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. During this period, Paul Revere made his famous midnight ride. After the Revolution, Boston quickly became one of the world's wealthiest international trading ports due to its proximity as the closest American port to Europe — major exports included rum, fish, salt, and tobacco. During this era, descendants of old Boston families became regarded, in the American popular mind, as the nation's social and cultural elites; they were later dubbed the  Boston Brahmins . In 1822, Boston was chartered as a city. By the mid-1800s, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 1900s, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers, and was notable for its Clothing production, leather goods, and machinery industries. A vast network of small rivers bordering the city and running throughout the surrounding region made for easy shipment of goods and allowed for a proliferation of mills and factories. From the mid-to-late-nineteenth century, Boston flourished culturally — it became renowned for its rarefied literary culture and lavish artistic patronage. It also became a center of the Abolitionism movement. In the 1820s, Boston's ethnic composition began to change dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Groups like the Irish and Italians moved into the city and brought with them Roman Catholicism. (This trend of immigration continued throughout the 1800s - most famously when the Potato Famine hit Ireland.) Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community and since the early 20th century the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics — prominent figures include the Kennedy family, Tip O'Neill and John F. Fitzgerald. Between 1630 and 1890, the city tripled its physical size by land reclamation, specifically by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront,The History of Land Fill in Boston  iBoston.org . Accessed January 9 2006. Also see Boston: History of the Landfills a process Walter Muir Whitehill called "cutting down the hills to fill the coves." The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 1800s. Beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 hectare) mill pond that later became Haymarket Square (just south of today's North Station area). The present-day Massachusetts State House sits atop this shortened Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, Boston, Massachusetts, West End, Boston, Massachusetts, Financial District, and Chinatown. After Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. Boston's Back Bay land reclamation project proved dramatic. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km²) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of the Boston Common with soil brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. Boston also annexed the adjacent communities of East Boston, Massachusetts, Dorchester, Massachusetts, South Boston, Massachusetts, Brighton, Allston, Hyde Park, Roxbury, Massachusetts, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, Jamaica Plain and Charlestown, Massachusetts. By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, including the demolition of the old West End neighborhood and the construction of Government Center, Boston, Massachusetts. In the 1970s, Boston boomed after thirty years of economic downturn, becoming a leader in the mutual fund industry. Boston already had a reputation for excellent healthcare services. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital led the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Universities such as Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Boston University attracted many students to the Boston area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. The unrest served to highlight racial tensions in the city. Over the past several years Boston has experienced a dramatic loss of regional institutions and traditions, which once gave it a very distinct social character. The city, like others, faces gentrification issues and exorbitant living costs. Since the 1950s, however, Boston has once again emerged as a major hub of intellectual, technological, and political ideas.

Geography and climate

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 89.6  square miles (232.1 square kilometre)— 48.4 square miles (125.4 km²) of it is land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km²) of it is water. The total area is 46.0% water. With an elevation of 19 foot (unit of length) (5.8 m) above sea level at Logan International Airport, Boston is bordered by the cities of Winthrop, Massachusetts, Revere, Massachusetts, Chelsea, Massachusetts, Everett, Massachusetts, Somerville, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Watertown, Massachusetts, Newton, Massachusetts, Brookline, Massachusetts, Needham, Massachusetts, Dedham, Massachusetts, Canton, Massachusetts, Milton, Massachusetts, and Quincy, Massachusetts—often known as, and considered a part of,  Greater Boston . Much of the Back Bay, Boston and South End are built on Land reclamation—two and a half of Boston's three original hills were used as a source of material for landfill. Only Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts, the smallest of the three original hills, remains partially intact. The downtown area and immediate surroundings consist mostly of low-rise brick or stone buildings, with many older buildings in the Federal architecture. Several of these buildings mix in with modern high-rises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center (Boston), Back Bay, and the South Boston waterfront. To this day, the South End Historic District remains the nation's largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood.South End Historical Society Smaller commercial areas are interspersed amongst single-family homes and wooden/brick multifamily row houses. The Charles River separates Boston proper from Cambridge, Watertown, and the neighborhood of Charlestown. To the east lies Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands, many of which are part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, operated by the National Park Service. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the cities of Quincy and Milton. The Mystic River separates the neighborhoods of East Boston and Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett.

Climate

Boston experiences a continental climate that is very common in New England. The weather in Boston, like much of New England, changes rapidly. It is not uncommon for the city to experience temperature swings of 54 Fahrenheit degrees (30 Celsius degrees) or more over the course of a couple of days. Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters are cold, windy and snowy. It has been known to snow in October -- the city received an inch of snow on October 30, 2005. The earliest recorded 90 °F temperature in a year was in late March 1998, while February in Boston has seen 70 degrees only once in recorded history, on February 24, 1985. Spring in Boston can be hot, with temperatures in the 90s, though it is just as possible for a day in late May to remain in the 40s. The hottest month is July, with an average high of 82 °Fahrenheit (28 °Celsius) and a low of 64 °F (18 °C). The coldest month is January, with an average high of 36 °F (2.2 °C) and a low of 22 °F (-5.6 °C).NWS Taunton, MA.  Boston Daily Normals . Accessed April 19 2006. Periods exceeding 90 °F in summer and below 10 °F in winter are not uncommon, but rarely prolonged. The record high temperature is 104 °F (40 °C), recorded July 4, 1911. The record low temperature is -18 °F (-28 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934.NWS Taunton, MA.  Boston Temperature Records . Accessed April 19 2006. The city averages 42 inch (1,080 millimeters) of rainfall a year. It also coincidentally averages 42 in (108 centimeters) of snowfall a year, although this increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city. Massachusetts' geographic location's jutting out into the North Atlantic also make the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can dump more than 20 in (50 cm) of snow on the region in one storm event.

Demographics

As of the U.S. Census of 2000, there were 589,141 people, 239,528 households, and 115,212 families residing in the city. The population density was 12,166 people per square mile (4,697/km²). There were 251,935 housing units at an average density of 5,203 per square mile (2,009/km²). According to the census, the racial makeup of the city was 54.47% White (U.S. Census), 25.33% African American (U.S. Census) or Race (U.S. Census), 0.40% Native American (U.S. Census), 7.52% Asian American, 0.06% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 7.83% from Race (U.S. Census), and 4.39% from two or more races. 14.44% of the population was Hispanic American or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. (These figures became less reliable because of the large Brazilian population, estimated by some studies to approach 250,000 in Massachusetts. Census data may not have fully accounted for this significant segment of the community because Brazilians speak Portuguese language and often do not consider themselves to belong to one specific racial category, such as white or black, or to the Hispanic/Latino ethnic category. Also, many of these Brazilians are undocumented, and therefore accurate demographic information may be unavalible.) Peoople of Irish ethnicity descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population. The city is considered the unofficial capital of "Irish American". Italians also form a significant segment of the city's population, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian ancestry are another sizeable group (6.4%); about half of them are of Haiti ancestry. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of Vietnamese people residents in the past few years. There were 239,528 households out of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were Marriage living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.9% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.17. In the city the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $39,629, and the median income for a family was $44,151. Males had a median income of $37,435 versus $32,421 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,353. 19.5% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.6% of those under the age of 18 and 18.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. The population is pushed up to one million or more on an average week day. On days with major events such as baseball or basketball games the population can easily increase to 1.5 million. Like many other major cities in the 1950s and 1960s, Boston's population decreased dramatically due to new highway systems that made it easier to access the suburbs and outer regions.

Law and government

Boston has a strong mayor system in which the mayor is vested with extensive executive powers. The mayor, currently Thomas Menino, is elected to a four-year term by plurality electoral system. The city council is elected every two years. There are nine district seats, each elected by the residents of that district through plurality voting, and four at-large seats. Each voter casts up to four votes for at-large councilors, no more than one vote per candidate. The candidates with the four highest vote totals are elected. The president of the city council, currently Michael F. Flaherty, is elected by the councilors from within themselves. The school committee is appointed by the mayor, as are city department heads. In addition to city government, numerous state authorities and commissions play a role in the life of Bostonians, including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and the Massachusetts Port Authority. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in Massachusetts#Politics. Boston is also the Federal government of the United States center for New England. Properties include the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building and the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building. The city also serves as the home of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, as well as the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (the First District of the Federal Reserve). The city is in the United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts District 8 and United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts District 9 Congressional districts. Boston's low crime rate in the last years of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st has been credited to its Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the US Attorney and District Attorney's office. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle." Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000). However, economists Levitt and Dubner, authors of Freakonomics, credit the crime phenomenon to Roe V. Wade, and its latent impact on family structure. In more recent years, however, the annual murder count has fluctuated by as much as 50% compared to the year before, with 60 murders in 2002, followed by just 39 in 2003, 64 in 2004, and 75 in 2005. Though the figures are nowhere near the high-water mark set in 1990, the aberrations in the murder rate have been unsettling for many Bostonians and have prompted discussion over whether the Boston Police Department should reevaluate its approach to fighting crime.Winship, Christopher (March 2002). End of a Miracle?  Harvard University . Boston Police Department's Monthly Crime Statistics (2005).  CityOfBoston.gov .Boston MA Crime Statistics (2004 - New Crime Data).  areaConnect.com .

Economy

Boston's colleges and universities have a major impact on the city and region's economy. Not only are they major employers, but they also attract high-tech industries to the city and surrounding region, including computer hardware and software companies as well as biotechnology companies like Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Millipore, and Biogen Idec. Boston receives the highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.Top 100 NIH Cities, 2004.  SSTI.org . Other important industries include financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s, and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is also the regional headquarters of major banks such as Bank of America and Sovereign Bank, and a center for venture capital. Boston is also a printing and publishing center. Textbook publisher Houghton Mifflin is headquartered within the city. The city is home to four major convention centers: the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, the Bayside Expo Center in Dorchester, and the World Trade Center Boston and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront. Because of its status as a state capital and the regional home of federal agencies, law and government is another major component of the city's economy. Major companies headquartered within the city include The Gillette Company, owned by Procter & Gamble, and Teradyne, one of the world's leading manufacturers of semiconductor and other electronic test equipment. New Balance has its headquarters in the city. Other major companies are located outside the city, especially along Massachusetts Route 128. The Port of Boston is a major seaport along the United States' east coast, and is also one of the oldest continuously-operated industrial and fishing ports in the Western Hemisphere.
 See also: Greater Boston#Major companies 

Education

Colleges and universities

Boston's reputation as the  Athens of America  derives in large part from the teaching and research activities of more than 100 colleges and universities located in its metropolitan area. Some famous research universities that are thought of as being the premier Boston-area institutions include Babson College, Northeastern University, Bentley College, Brandeis University, Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Tufts University. Boston College was the first institution of higher education established in the city (later moving to Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, west of the city). Boston University, now the city's second largest employer, was originally established in Vermont before moving to Brookline, Massachusetts, and then to its present campus near Kenmore Square in the 1950s. Northeastern University, Boston, a large private university, maintains a campus in the Fenway-Kenmore district. Harvard University, the nation's oldest institution of higher learning, is located across the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Harvard Business School and Harvard Medical School schools are in Boston, and there are plans for major expansion into Boston's Allston, Boston, Massachusetts neighborhood. This will put a majority of the students, faculty and physical plant in Boston. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which originated in Boston and was long known as Boston Tech, moved across the river to Cambridge in 1917. Tufts University administers its medical and dental school adjacent to the Tufts-New England Medical Center (Tufts-NEMC), a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children. Its undergraduate campus is in Medford, adjacent to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Northeastern University maintains a campus in the Fenway section of Boston. Additionally, Wentworth Institute of Technology, a founding member of the Colleges of the Fenway, is located in the Fenway area. Suffolk University, a small private university known for its law school, maintains a campus on Beacon Hill. Emerson College located by Boston Common is a small private college with a strong reputation in the fields of performing arts, journalism and film. Babson College in the suburb of Wellesley is a private college with a strong focus on entrepreneurship. The city is also home to a number of music school and art schools, including the Massachusetts College of Art, New England Conservatory of Music (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States), Boston Conservatory, and Berklee College of Music. The University of Massachusetts Boston, Roxbury Community College, and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's three state-run colleges.

Primary and secondary schools

Boston Public Schools, the oldest public school system in the U.S., enrolls 58,600 students from kindergarten to grade 12. The system operates 145 schools, which includes Boston Latin School (the oldest public school, established in 1635), English High (the oldest public high school, established 1821), and Mather (the oldest public elementary school, established in 1639).The Boston Public Schools at a Glance (2004).  Boston Public School . Accessed October 5 2005. The city also has private, parochial, and charter schools. 3000 students of racial minorities attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council, or METCO.

Culture

Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the American English#Eastern New England accent known as Boston accent, and a New England cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood and dairy products. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions. Boston has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang. Many consider Boston a highly cultured city, perhaps as a result of its intellectual reputation; much of Boston's culture originates at its universities.Phelan, Joseph (11-2004). Boston Marathon.  Artcyclopedia . Accessed October 1 2005. The city also has a number of ornate theatres, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Boston Opera House, The Wang Center for the Performing Arts, Schubert Theater, and the Orpheum Theater. Renowned performing arts groups include the Boston Ballet, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Boston Pops, Boston Lyric Opera, and the Handel and Haydn Society (the oldest choral company in the United States). There are a number of major annual events such as First Night, which occurs during New Year's Eve, and several events during the Independence Day (US). These events include the weeklong Harborfest festivities and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River. In contrast to what might be considered the more "refined" aspects of Boston's culture, the city is also one of the birthplaces of the hardcore punk genre of music. Boston musicians have contributed greatly to the Hardcore punk scene over the years ( see also Boston hardcore ). Boston also had one of the leading local ska scenes in the ska revival of the mid-1990s with bands like The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, The Allstonians, and Skavoovie and the Epitones.

Media

 The Boston Globe , owned by the New York Times Company, and  The Boston Herald  are Boston's two major daily newspapers. The city is also served by a number of smaller publications such as  The Boston Phoenix ,  The Improper Bostonian , and  The Weekly Dig . Boston has the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the Boston radio market being the eleventh largest in the United States.Arbitron - Market Ranks and Schedule, 1-50 (Fall 2005). Several major amplitude modulation stations include talk radio WRKO, sports radio/talk station WEEI, and news radio WBZ (AM). A variety of Frequency modulation radio formats serve the area, as do National Public Radio stations WBUR and WGBH. University radio stations include WZBC (Boston College), WERS (Emerson),WUMB (UMass Boston), and WMFO (Tufts University). The Boston television Designated market area, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the fifth largest in the United States.Nielsen Media - DMA Listing (September 24 2005). The city is served by stations representing every major List of United States broadcast television networks including WBZ-TV (CBS), WCVB-TV (American Broadcasting Company), WHDH-TV (NBC), WFXT-TV (Fox Broadcasting Company), WSBK-TV (UPN), and WLVI (The WB Television Network). Boston is also home to Public Broadcasting Service station WGBH, which also operates WGBX. WGBH is a major producer of PBS programs. Most Boston television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham, Massachusetts and Newton, Massachusetts.

Sites of interest

Because of the city's prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line or bricks embedded in the ground. Along the Freedom Trail is Boston Common, or "The Common" as it is locally referred to, is the oldest public park in the Western Hemisphere. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. In the winter, the Frog Pond at Boston Common doubles as an ice-skating rink. Another major park is the Esplanade located along the banks of the Charles River. A major recreation site for many Bostonians, it is also the site of the Hatch Shell. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines. The largest parks in the city are Franklin Park and the adjacent Arnold Arboretum (both part of the Emerald Necklace), and Stony Brook State Reservation. The Back Bay, Boston district includes many prominent landmarks such as the Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston Public Library, Copley Square, and Newbury Street. Back Bay is also the home of two of New England's tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center.Boston Skyscrapers.  Skyscrapers.com . Accessed May 15 2005. Near the John Hancock Tower is the John Hancock Tower#The Berkeley Building (the "old John Hancock Building") with its prominent weather beacon. Other notable districts/neighborhoods include Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts, Charlestown, Massachusetts, Chinatown (Boston), Downtown Crossing, North End, and South Boston. Boston is home to several world-renowned museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, and the Museum of Science, Boston. The University of Massachusetts campus at Columbia Point houses the John F. Kennedy Library. The New England Aquarium, Franklin Park Zoo, Boston Athenaeum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States), and the Boston Children's Museum are located within the city. Along with the Freedom Trail, there are two other self-guided walking tours: Harbor Walk, which is designed to follow the entire shore of Boston Harbor, and the Black Heritage Trail. A popular guided tour is the Boston Duck Tour, which uses World War II-era DUKW. The outer suburbs of Boston, which tend to be forested, have vibrantly colored foliage every autumn#Autumn and tourism that attracts many tourists. Boston is home to the Bull & Finch Pub; whose building is known from the television show Cheers. Exterior shots of the building were used in the show.

Sports

The TD Banknorth Garden (formerly called the Fleet Center) is above North Station (Boston) and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins ice hockey team of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics basketball team of the National Basketball Association. The Celtics have the distinction of having more World Championships than any other NBA team with 16 championships from 1957 to 1986. The Boston Red Sox are a member of the American League of Major League Baseball. They play their home games at Fenway Park, located near Kenmore Square, in the Fenway-Kenmore section of Boston. It is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States, among the four major professional sports. Boston was once the home of the National League's Atlanta Braves, before they left for Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1953, and then later on Atlanta, Georgia. Boston was also one of the sites of the first World Series in 1903. The series was played between the Boston Pilgrims (currently the Boston Red Sox) and the Pittsburgh Pirates.1903 World Series - Major League Baseball: World Series History.  MLB.com . The New England Patriots of the National Football League team plays their home games in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Boston fans travel there to see the Patriots and the New England Revolution soccer team of Major League Soccer. Both teams play at Gillette Stadium. Before moving to Foxboro the Patriots, while still playing in the now defunct American Football League, played their home games at Fenway Park and Harvard Stadium. The team moved to Foxboro in 1971. Another major league team is the Boston Cannons lacrosse team of Major League Lacrosse. The team plays at Boston University's Nickerson Field (the former Braves Field). Rugby football in Boston is represented by teams from both codes - the rugby union side is the Boston Irish Wolfhounds who play in the USA Rugby Premier Division while the Boston Braves play in the American National Rugby League. Boston's many colleges and universities field sports teams. Several include Boston College (member of the Atlantic Coast Conference), Boston University (America East Conference), Northeastern University, Boston (Colonial Athletic Association), and Harvard University (Ivy League). The hockey teams of these four universities meet every year in an immensely popular four-team tournament known as the "Beanpot". One of the most famous sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26 mile (42 km) run from Hopkinton, Massachusetts to Copley Square in the Back Bay. The Marathon, the world's oldest, is popular and heavily attended. It is run on Patriot's Day in April and always coincides with a Red Sox home baseball game that starts at 11:00 AM (the only MLB game to start bfore noon local time all year). Another major event held in the city is the Head of the Charles Regatta rowing competition on the Charles River. Boston's first all-female flat-track roller derby league, Boston Derby Dames, formed in May 2005. The league is among the original members of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.

Infrastructure

Health and medicine

The Longwood Medical Area is a region of Boston with a concentration of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Brigham and Women's Hospital were both formed by mergers: the former between Beth Israel Hospital and New England Deaconess Hospital, and the latter by Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and the Boston Hospital for Women. Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) is located near the Beacon Hill neighborhood, with the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital nearby. Boston also has United States Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods. Many of Boston's major medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical Area and MGH are world-renowned research medical centers affiliated with Harvard Medical School. New England Medical Center, located in the southern portions of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital.

Transportation

Logan International Airport, located in the East Boston, Massachusetts neighborhood, is the major airport serving Boston. Another airport serving the city and surrounding areas is Hanscom Field in Lexington, Massachusetts and Bedford, Massachusetts. T. F. Green Airport serving Providence, Rhode Island, and Manchester Airport (US) in Manchester, New Hampshire, are airports outside Massachusetts which serve as secondary facilities. Since 9/11, Boston has been at the forefront of airport security and has become a model for city-wide disaster planning. Because of this and Boston's location as the closest port to Europe, it is the primary destination for airliners that experience security breaches or disturbances while enroute to the U.S. Downtown Boston's streets appear as though they were not planned, and are often alleged to have evolved from centuries-old cow paths.Ira Gershkoff, Richard Trachtman, pages 13-15. Except for the reclaimed Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts and part of South Boston, Massachusetts, the city has no Grid plan. Along with several roundabout, roads change names and lose and add lanes seemingly at random. In its March 2006 issue,  Bicycling  magazine named Boston as one of the worst cities in the U.S. for cycling.MacLaughlin, Nina (2006) Boston Can Be Bike City...If You Fix These Five Big Problems.  The Phoenix - Bicycle Bible 2006 . Boston has been described as a "City of Squares", referring to the tradition of naming the intersections of major thoroughfares after prominent city residents. Boston is the eastern terminus of Interstate 90, also known as the Massachusetts Turnpike. Interstate 95, which surrounds the city, is locally referred to as Massachusetts Route 128, its historical state route numbering. U.S. Route 1 (also known locally as 'Route 1') and Interstate 93 runs north to south through the city. The elevated Central Artery, which ran through downtown Boston and was constantly prone to heavy traffic, was replaced with an underground tunnel through the Big Dig. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operated the nation's first underground rapid transit system, which has since been expanded, reaching as far north as Malden, Massachusetts, as far south as Braintree, Massachusetts, and as far west as Newton, Massachusetts. Collectively known as the "T", the MBTA also operates a network of MBTA Bus and water shuttles, and a MBTA Commuter Rail network extending north to the Merrimack River valley, west to Worcester, Massachusetts, and south to Providence, Rhode Island. Amtrak Northeast Corridor and Chicago, Illinois lines originate at South Station (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority) and stop at Back Bay (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority). Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which service New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station (Boston).

Utilities

Water supply and sewage-disposal services are provided by the Boston Water and Sewer Commission. The Commission in turn purchases wholesale water and sewage disposal from the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA). Established as a public authority in 1984, the MWRA pipes water from reservoirs in Western and Central Massachusetts, notably the Quabbin Reservoir and Wachusett Reservoirs, for several communities within Greater Boston. The agency operates several facilities for sewage treatment, notably an effluent tunnel in Boston Harbor and the Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant near the mouth of Boston Harbor. NSTAR is the exclusive  distributor  of electric power to the city, though due to deregulation, customers now have a choice of electric  generation  companies. Natural gas is distributed by KeySpan Corporation (the successor company to Boston Gas); only commercial and industrial customers may choose an alternate natural gas supplier. Verizon, successor to New England Telephone, NYNEX, and Bell Atlantic, is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Phone service is also available from various List of United States mobile phone companies. Cable television is available from Comcast and RCN (company), with Broadband Internet access provided by the same companies in certain areas. A variety of digital subscriber line providers and resellers are able to provide broadband Internet over Verizon-owned phone lines.

See also

• Notable Bostonians
• List of television shows set in Boston
• List of films, operas, and plays set in Boston
• List of Boston skyscrapers
• Boston in fiction
• Fictional people from Boston

Notes

References

• The Boston Indicators Project (2004).  The Boston Foundation .
• Elevation data: USGS—Boston

External links

• City's official website
• Maps of Boston neighborhoods
• Boston guide organized by square
• Metro Boston Thought Aggregation & Mass Archiving Project
• Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau
• The Boston Historical Society
• WikiSatellite view of Boston at WikiMapia
  
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